Strokes Due to Chiropractic Cervical Manipulation

References

Journal articles (and one book) criticizing chiropractic and subluxations written by chiropractors, plus valuable background information.

In general:

Craig F. Nelson et al., "Chiropractic as Spine Care: A Model for the Profession," Chiropractic & Osteopathy 13, no. 9 (2005), doi: 10.1186/1746-1340-13-9, http://www.chiroandosteo.com/content/13/1/9 (accessed 31 May 2008).

DR Murphy, et al., "How can Chiropractic become a Respected Mainstream Profession? The Example of Podiatry," Chiropractic & Osteopathy 16, no.10 (August 2008) http://www.chiroandosteo.com/content/16/1/10.

JC Keating, et al., "Subluxation: Dogma or Science?" Chiropractic & Osteopathy 13, no. 17 (August 2005); http://www.chiroandosteo.comJcontent/13/1/17.

S Homola, "Chiropractic: History and Overview of Theories and Methods," Clinical Orthopedics and Related Research 444 (March 2006), http://ovidsp.tx.ovid.com/spb/ovidweb.cgi.

JP Grod, D Sikorski, and JC Keating, "Unsubstantiated Claims in Patient Brochures from the Largest State, Provincial, and National Chiropractic Associations and Research Agencies," Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics 24, no. 8 (2001). Samuel Homola, Inside Chiropractic (New York: Prometheus Books, 1999). Criticism of chiropractic written by a chiropractor. This book contains a reprint of (in app. B, pp. 574-580)the journal article, Edmund S. Crelin, "A Scientific Test of Chiropractic's Sublu'xation Therapy," American Scientist 61 (September-October 1973). Crelin's experiment demonstrated that the "subluxation" as originally described by D.D. Palmer, the founder of chiropractic, did not exist.

Journal articles re: "maintenance care" including lack of evidence for same:

Ronald L. Rupert, "A Survey of Practice Patterns and the Health Promotion and Prevention Attitudes of U.S. Chiropractors, Maintenance Care: Part I," Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics 23, no. 1 (2000), doi: 10.1016/SO161-4754(00)90107-6.

Charlotte Leboef-Yde et al., "Maintenance Care in Chiropractic: What Do We Know?" Chiropractic & Osteopathy 16, no. 3, doi: 10.1186/1746-1340-16-3, http://www.chiroandosteo.com/content/16/13.

Journal articles re: chiropractic and spinal manipulation, including efficacy and risk:

E Ernst, "Chiropractic: A Critical Evaluation," Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 35, no. 5 (2008) E Ernst and PH Canter, "A Systematic Review of Systematic Reviews of Spinal Manipulation," Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 99 (April 2006).

C.M.A. Glazener. H.C. Evans and D K. L. Cheek, "Complementary and Miscellaneous Interventions for Nocturnal Enuresis in Children," Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 2, art no. CD005230 (2005), doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD005230.

Roger Chou et al., "Diagnosis and Treatment of Low Back Pain: A Joint Clinical Practice Guideline from the American College of Physicians and American Pain Society," Annals of Internal Medicine 147, no. 7 (2007): 486-487.

Howard T. Vernon, B. Kim Humphreys and Carol A. Hagino, "A Systematic Review of Conservative Treatments for Acute Neck Pain Not Due to Whiplash," Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapies 28 (July-August 2005): 443-446. Ezard Ernst, "Spinal Manipulation: Its Safety Is Uncertain," Canadian Medical Ass 'n Journal 166, nO. 1(Jan. 8, 2002): 40-41.

Edzard Ernst, "Ophthalmological adverse effects of (chiropractic) upper spinal manipulation: evidence from recent case reports," Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica 83 (2005), doi: 10.1111?j.1600-0420.2005.00488.x, 581-585.

Edzard Ernst, "Life-Threatening Complications of Spinal Manipulation," Stroke 32 (2001): 809¬810.

Clare Stevinson, et al., "Risks Associated with Spinal Manipulation," American Journal of Medicine 32 (May 2002) 566-571.

Edzard Ernst, "Manipulation of the cervical spine: a systematic review of case reports of serious adverse events, 1995-2001," Medical Journal of Australia 176 (April 15, 2002)376-380)

Edzard Ernst & Peter H. Canter, "Chiropractic Spinal Manipulation Treatment for Back Pain? A Systematic Review of Randomised Clinical Trials," Physical Therapy Reviews 8 (2003)85-91, doi: 10.1179/108331903225002425.

Edzard Ernst, "Chiropractic Spinal Manipulation for Neck Pain: A Systematic Review," The Journal of Pain 4, no. 8 (October 2003) 417-421.

Edzard Ernst, "Chiropractic manipulation for non-spinal pain — a systematic review," New Zealand Medical Journal 116, no. 1179 (August 8, 2003), http://www.nzma.org.nz/journal/116¬1179/539/.

Edzard Ernst, "Chiropractic spinal manipulation for back pain," British Journal of Sports Medicine 37 2003):195-196.

Edzard Ernst, "Cerebrovascular Complications Associated with Spinal Manipulation," Physical Therapy Reviews 9 (2004): 5-15.

Edzard Ernst, "The complexity of complementary medicine: chiropractic for back pain," Clinical Rhettmatolop-v 24 (2005): 44S-446. doi: 10.1007/s10067-004-1014-0

Peter H. Canter & Edzard Ernst, "Sources of bias in reviews of spinal manipulation for back pain," Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift (The Middle European Journal of Medicine)117, no. 9-10 (2005):333-341, doi: 10.1007/s00508-005-355-6.iii

Edzard Ernst, "Spinal manipulation: are the benefits worth the risks?" Expert Rev. Neurotherapeutics 7(11) (2007).

Edzard Ernst, "The ethics of chiropractic," New Zealand Medical Journal 121, no. 1281 (September 2008: 96-97, http://www.nzma.org.nz/journa1/121-1281/3249/.

Edzard Ernst, "Chiropractic Care: Attempting a Risk-Benefit Analysis," American Journal of Public Health 92, no. 10 (October 2002): 1603-1604.

Edzard Ernst & Elaine Harkness, "Spinal Manipulation: A Systematic Review of Sham- Controlled, Double-Blind, Randomized Clinical Trials," Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 22, no. 4 (October 2001):879-889.

Edzard Ernst, "Prospective Investigations into the Safety of Spinal Manipulation," Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 21, no. 3 (March 2001): 238-242.

John A. Austin & Edzard Ernst, "The effectiveness of spinal manipulation for the treatment of headache disorders: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials," Cephalagia 22 (2002): 617-623.

Clare Stevinson, et al., "Neurological complications of cervical spine manipulation," Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 94 (March 2001): 107-110.

Smith WS, et al. 'Spinal manipulative therapy is an independent risk factor for vertebral artery dissection." Neurology. 2003;60:1424-1428

Williams LS, Biller J. "Vertebrobasilar dissection and cervical spine manipulation." Neurology. 2003; 60:1408-1409

Rothwell DM, et al. "Chiropractic Manipulation and Stroke A Population Based Case-Control Study." Stroke. 2001;32:1054-1060

Lee PK, et al. "Neurologic complications following chiropractic manipulation: A survey of California neurologists." Neurology 1995; 45:1213-1215.

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© 2009 Jann Johnson Bellamy, J.D., (jbellamy@alternativemedsafety.org), Campaign for Alternative Medicine Consumer Safety. Reprinted by The Abelson Law Firm with permission. Further reproduction prohibited without permission of the author.